Systematic review and meta-analysis of toxic element accumulation in Iranian wheat cultivation

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Public Health
• Food Safety

Background:

• Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) contamination in wheat is a global concern, particularly in developing nations.
• Industrial activities and poor agricultural practices exacerbate heavy metal accumulation in food crops.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review and meta-analyze concentrations of inorganic arsenic (iAs), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in Iranian wheat.
• To assess the associated public health risks, including non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review and meta-analysis of 45 studies and 383 data-reports published between 1983 and 2023.
• Evaluation of PTE concentrations in wheat across various Iranian provinces.
• Calculation of Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) indices to determine health risks.

Main Results:

• Elevated concentrations of iAs, Cd, Hg, Ni, and Pb were detected in wheat from several Iranian provinces, exceeding international safety standards.
• Highest concentrations: Isfahan (iAs), Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (Cd), Hamedan (Hg), Tehran (Ni), and Kurdistan (Pb).
• Significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were identified, particularly for children, based on THQ indices.

Conclusions:

• Urgent interventions are required to mitigate PTE contamination in wheat.
• Recommendations include rigorous monitoring of soil, water, and crop quality, promoting sustainable agriculture, and improving wastewater management.
• Public awareness and targeted interventions are crucial for reducing health risks associated with heavy metal exposure.