Photon budget of long range FMCW LiDAR: a comprehensive spectral-temporal model with experimental validation

Area of Science:

• Photonics and Optical Engineering
• Automotive Sensing Technology
• LiDAR Systems

Background:

• Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) LiDAR is crucial for automotive applications.
• Accurate modeling of the photon budget is essential for optimizing LiDAR performance and range.
• Existing models may not fully capture the complexities of long-range FMCW LiDAR systems.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop a comprehensive photon budget model for automotive FMCW LiDAR.
• To derive analytical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) expressions based on the model.
• To establish quantitative relationships between key design parameters and maximum detection distance.

Main Methods:

• Development of a comprehensive photon budget model for FMCW LiDAR.
• Validation of the model through long-range experimental tests.
• Derivation of analytical SNR expressions for different operating regimes.
• Evaluation of maximum detection distance based on the model and key parameters.

Main Results:

• A validated FMCW LiDAR photon budget model for automotive use.
• Analytical SNR expressions covering typical operating limits.
• Quantitative relationships identified between laser power, linewidth, measurement time, FFT points, and detection distance.
• Discussion of system design trade-offs for automotive-grade FMCW LiDAR.

Conclusions:

• The developed model provides a robust framework for understanding and optimizing FMCW LiDAR performance.
• Key design parameters significantly influence the maximum detection distance, enabling targeted system improvements.
• The study offers valuable insights for designing future high-performance automotive LiDAR systems.